Chapter8.pdf

Intimate Partner Violence

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 1

 Original: limited to physical violence by
husbands against their wives

 Evolved:
◦ Includes emotional and sexual violence

◦ Not exclusive to married couples

◦ Men and women can be perpetrators and victims

 1960s: Focus of policy & research

Defining

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 2

Domestic Violence FS 741.28 (2)

Domestic violence:

“any assault, battery, sexual

assault, sexual battery, or any

criminal offense resulting in

physical injury or death of one

family or household member by

another who is or was residing in

the same single dwelling unit”

5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence

“Family or Household Member” defined:

•Spouses

•Former spouses

•Persons related by blood or marriage

•Persons who reside together as family

or used to in the past

•Persons who have a child together (do

not have to reside together)

5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence

 Physical violence—harm resulting in pain

 Emotional abuse—threats, restraint of freedom,
denial of access to resources

 Sexual violence—unwanted sexual contact,
sexual coercion, and rape

Defining Abuse

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 5

 Intimate terrorism—results from desire for
power and control, involves severe, persistent,
and frequent abuse that escalates over time

 Situational couple violence—conflict that gets
out of hand, results in violence

 Violent resistance—person is violent but not
controlling

 Mutual violent control—both people are violent
and controlling

Types of IPV:

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 Many people reluctant to report

 Official data sources underestimate

 Rely on self-report surveys of victims and
perpetrators

Measurement and Extent

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 Rate declined from 1994 to 2012

 15% of all violent victimizations

 Females most likely victims

 Details:
◦ Most common act: simple assault

◦ Almost half resulted in injury

◦ 77% do not involve a weapon

◦ Police notified in 54% of incidents

National Crime Victimization
Survey

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 8

 Report physical assault during lifetime by an
intimate:
◦ 22% – women

◦ 7% – men

 Women more likely to
◦ report being injured

◦ report victimization to LE

◦ experience recurring victimization by the same
partner

National Violence Against
Women Survey

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 9

 Began in 2010 by CDC

 Nationally representative telephone survey

 Found 35.6% of women and 28.5% of men
experienced physical violence, rape, and/or
stalking by intimate partner during lifetime

 Severe IPV experienced by 24.3% of women and
13.8% of men

National Intimate Partner and
Sexual Violence Survey

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 10

 Age
◦ Younger adults more likely to experience IPV than

older adults

◦ Persons aged between 18 and 24 most at risk of IPV

 Race
◦ Black females at greater risk than White females

◦ Rate of IPV against non-Hispanic Black and non-
Hispanic persons of 2+ races greater than rate
against other persons

Who is Victimized?

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 11

 Women more likely than men to be victimized

 Men
◦ more likely to commit serious IPV—cause injury

◦ use tactics that are more likely to result in violence

◦ more likely to engage in intimate terrorism

Gender

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 Victims may be treated differently
◦ Fear of disbelief/insensitivity by law enforcement

◦ Lack of access to resources available to heterosexual
IPV victims

 IPV laws may not apply to same-sex cases

Same-Sex

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 Course of conduct that is unwanted and
harassing and would case a reasonable person
to be fearful

 Lifetime:
◦ 1 in 12 women

◦ 1 in 45 men stalked during their lifetime

 Over 75% of victims stalked by someone they
know

 At risk:
◦ Young adults

◦ divorced/separated people

Special Case: Stalking

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 14

 Behaviors vary

 Significant consequences
◦ Fear/uncertainty

◦ Anxiety, depression, insomnia, and so on

◦ Lost time from work and changes in behavior

Special Case: Stalking

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 15

 Stress—family life can cause stress

 Cohabitation—couples living together
experience highest rate of IPV and more severe
forms of violence

 Power and patriarchy
◦ Power—ability to impose will upon another, can result

in IPV if abused

◦ Patriarchy—male-dominated social organization may
allow/encourage male IPV

Risk Factors and Theories

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 Social learning

 Disability status

 Neighborhood context

 Risky lifestyle
◦ Associating with known criminals

◦ Alcohol and drug use

Risk Factors and Theories

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 Negative health outcomes
◦ Injury—one of the most common reasons women visit

the ER

◦ Other effects—headaches, GI problems, STDs, and so
on

 Death
◦ 1/3 of female murder victims killed by intimate

partner (3% of male murder victims)

◦ Leading cause of homicide and injury-related deaths
among pregnant women

◦ Black females more likely to be murder victims

Consequences

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 18

 Psychological/emotional outcomes

◦ Physical abuse can also cause emotional or
psychological harm

◦ Depression, anxiety, sleep dis s, PTSD, attempted
suicide, and so on

Consequences

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 19

 Revictimization
◦ Typical victim experiences multiple events

◦ Cycle of violence—Lenore Walker (1979)

 Tension building phase—initial tranquil period, stress
and tension build

 Acute battering phase—physical violence perpetrated

 Honeymoon phase—abuser calms down, asks for
forgiveness, and promises not to do it again

Consequences

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 20

 Women leave an average of 6-7 times before
leaving permanently

 Love and commitment

 Children

 Finances

 Isolation from family, friends, and social
network

 Embarrassment, shame, and fear

 Women are more likely to be killed after leaving
their husbands than while living with them

Why Abusive Relationships
Continue

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 21

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Violence vs. Nonviolence

22

 1975–1980—44 states enacted laws concerning
IPV
◦ Mostly focused on prevention of and protection from

IPV and providing victims needed resources

 Currently all states have laws concerning IPV

CJS Responses

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 23

 Police initially reluctant to be involved in IPV
cases
◦ Family matter

◦ Cases are dangerous to police

◦ Victims may be reluctant to cooperate

 Ability to arrest may be limited
◦ Historically police could not arrest for misdemeanor

without a warrant

The Police Response

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 24

 Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
(1984)
◦ Examined deterrent effect of arrest versus separation

or advising

◦ Found arrested offenders less likely than others to
commit additional domestic violence offenses

 Study plus lawsuits against police led to
mandatory arrest policies
◦ Advocates for arrest when there is probable cause and

enough evidence exists for an arrest

The Police Response

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 Replication studies found that arrest
differentially impacted offenders

 Possible response options for police

The Police Response

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Interviewing the alleged victim

Interview alleged victim alone

Develop trust by creating a climate of

safety

Avoid victim blaming – examples?

Provide safe alternatives and access to

DV resources

Assist with a safety plan

5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence

Domestic Violence Safety Plans

When?

Who?

What is included?

5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence

 1/3 of reported offenses and over 60% of
arrests resulted in filing of charges by
prosecutors

 1/3 of arrests, over half of prosecutions
resulted in convictions

 Factors influencing decision to prosecute
◦ Visible physical injuries

◦ Use of alcohol or drugs by victim or defendant

◦ Victim/offender relationship

◦ Victim willingness to participate in prosecution (no-
drop policy and spousal/marital privilege laws)

Court Responses

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 29

 Special courts to handle domestic violence
cases

 Court “watch systems” ensure system is fair
and consistent and victims’ needs, safety, and
rights are protected

 Seminole Co examples

Court Responses

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 30

 Protective s
◦ Designed to protect victims from offenders

◦ Enforcement varies by state

◦ Most eligible victims do not secure protective s

◦ Protective s shown to reduce recidivism

◦ 20–40% of protective s violated

Legal and Community
Responses

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 31

Florida Certified Domestic Violence

Centers (Central Florida counties)

Harbor House of Central Florida

(Orange County)

Help Now of Osceola County

SafeHouse of Seminole (County)

5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence

◦ Housing – including transitional

◦ Funding

◦ Therapeutic interventions

◦ Legal assistance

◦ Employment

◦ Daycare

◦ Safety planning

◦ Other….

Shelters

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Harbor House

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 34

HH App

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 35

◦Created national DV hotline

◦Provides direct services to victims
& their families

◦Funds DV prevention

Family Violence Prevention
and Services Act (FVPSA)

Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 36