Preoperative Anxiety Risk Factors, Impact, and Control

Anxiety can be defined as the feeling of uneasiness, tension, fear, apprehension, and worry as a response to internal and external stimuli (Dubey, Kumar, & Ranjan 2019). Surgery is a process that installs fear among the patients resulting in anxiety. The level of stress differs according to the patient’s environment and prevailing risk factors. Increased mortality and morbidity can be triggered by preoperative anxiety. Maladaptive behaviours such as poor eating habits, insomnia, and shock can result from preoperative anxiety (Gemma et al., 2014). The issue has been a topic of discussion; nevertheless, caregivers understand their role, thus minimizing or eliminating the effects of preoperative anxiety. IOM monitoring systems controlled by the ODPs during the three-point surgery process can be used to mitigate the impact. The paper highlights other ODPs roles (King, 2015). It explores preoperative anxiety and provides possible measures applied globally to reduce preoperative anxiety impact.

The paper can be useful for future research works on preoperative anxiety risk factors and management. The article is divided into introduction which provides an insight into the journal, methodology which justifies article selection, and results that describe the acquired works from the field. Furthermore, the discussion section explains the results and conclusion summarizing the journal.

Table of Contents

Abstract 1

Table of Contents. I

Background information. 1

Methodology. 3

Results. 3

Anxiety risk factors. 3

Anxiety effects. 5

Reducing anxiety using IOM systems. 6

ODPs role in management and policy implementation in Anxiety management. 7

Discussion. 8

Anxiety risk factors. 8

Anxiety effects. 10

Reducing anxiety using IOM systems. 10

Preoperative education anxiety reduction. 11

Conclusion. 13

References. 15

Preoperative Anxiety Risk Factors, Impact, and Control

Background Information

Anxiety can be defined as the feeling of uneasiness, tension, fear, apprehension, and worry as a response to internal and external stimuli. The effects cause emotional, behavioural, physical, and cognitive symptoms (Dubey, Kumar, & Ranjan, 2019). During the perioperative period, surgical patients undergo worrying events and cognitive, physiological, and emotional responses are triggered (Gemma et al., 2004). Nevertheless, perioperative caregivers’ role, especially nurses, becomes improving the environment and quality of the patient’s life during and after the operation. It has detrimental effects during the operation period.

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM) is an integral part of numerous surgical procedures. Its first application can be traced from as early as the 1930s (Kim et al., 2016). Nevertheless, technological advances have occurred which have assisted in the modification of the system application. The system application is supported by the comprehensive spread utilisation of computer and integrated network systems in health care systems and remote sites. Surgery causes varied effects on patients; thus, it is crucial to monitor them. The system is applied to minimise the neuroglial damage during surgery, identify vital neural structures in the operative field, and assist in the avoidance of postoperative impairments. Modalities used with IOM include electromyography, motor, somatosensory, brain auditory, and visually evoked potentials (Kim et al., 2018). There is a need for effective operating systems that are managed by the Operating department operators (ODPs).

Operating department practitioners work primarily in theatres. They work as a team with surgeons, theatre nurses, and anaesthetists caring for patient (King, 2015).ODP role is identified at having three stages of surgery. At the anaesthetic stage, their part is to do the following:

• Check the patient’s identity.
• Use evidence-practice technique to measure ODPs effectiveness in their operation.
• Move and position the patients correctly on the operating tables.
• Prepare drugs and pieces of equipment such as anaesthetist and intravenous machines for the specialists during the surgery process.

In the second phase where the actual operation takes place, the ODP role is to do the following:

• Anticipate the surgical needs of the team and respond to them effectively.
• Ensure that accountability of surgical equipment’s and swabs are accounted throughout the operation and nothing is lost or left in the patient’s body.
• Act as a link between the theatre and other parts of the hospital.
• Prepare instruments such as the microscopes, endoscopes, and lasers for the procedures.

Once the surgery is complete, the ODP role becomes to do the following:

• Take the patient into the recovery room
• Monitor the patient until the surgical aesthetics effects end
• Check complications such as blood loss, shock and breathing problem.
• Provide painkillers to the patients
• Determine whether the patients should go back to their wards

Methodology

Methodology section provides the research design and rationale of the article used. The journal review process combined information from academic books, websites, and journals. The utilised sources provided useful information during the research process, thus making it easier for the processor utilisation. Selected journals made the process economical and time-efficient since they were readily available at no cost and low browsing rates. Interest sources provide a vast source of knowledge; nevertheless, exaggeration due to unprofessional writing was an anticipated limitation. However, it was eliminated by confirming the authenticity and referencing of work used. The changes in the health care systems limited the research into past ten-year research. The most convenient time frame is five years, but the literature gap limited to this application.