survey2.pdf

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1. Prof. Dr.Said I.Shalaby, MD,Ph.D.
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Tropical Medicine,
Hepatology & Gastroenterology, NRC,
Academy of Scientific Research and Technology,
Cairo, Egypt.

2. Dr. Mussie T. Tessema,  
Associate Professor,
Department of Business Administration,
Winona State University, MN, 
United States of America,

3. Dr. Mengsteab Tesfayohannes,
Associate Professor,
Department of Management,
Sigmund Weis School of Business,
Susquehanna University,
Selinsgrove, PENN,
 United States of America,

4. Dr. Ahmed Sebihi
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Islamic Culture and Social Sciences (ICSS),
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Gulf Medical University (GMU),
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5. Dr. Anne Maduka,
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Department of Economics,
Anambra State University,
Igbariam Campus, 
Nigeria.

6. Dr. D.K. Awasthi, M.SC., Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry,
Sri J.N.P.G. College,
Charbagh, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh. India

7. Dr. Tirtharaj Bhoi,  M.A, Ph.D, 
Assistant Professor,
School of Social Science,
University of Jammu,
Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

8. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Choudhury, 
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Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, 
An ICSSR Research Institute,
New Delhi- 110070, India.

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Associate Professor & HOD
Department of Biochemistry,
Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical & Natural
Sciences,

Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
10. Dr. C. Satapathy,
Director,
Amity Humanity Foundation,
Amity Business School, Bhubaneswar,
Orissa, India.

ISSN (Online): 2455-7838
SJIF Impact Factor : 6.093

Research &
Development

EPRA International Journal of

(IJRD)

Monthly Peer Reviewed & Indexed
International Online Journal

Volume: 4, Issue:2, February 2019

Volume: 4 | Issue: 2 | February| 2019 | www.eprajournals.com |217 |

A SURVEY OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Ramashankar Yadav
1

1G L Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management,Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Lalan Kumar
2

2G L Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management,Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Recent interest in Cloud Computing has been driven by new offerings of computing resources that are attractive due to per-

use pricing and elastic scalability, providing a significant advantage over the typical acquisition and deployment of

equipment that was previously required. The effect has been a shift to outsourcing of not only equipment setup, but also the

ongoing IT administration of the resources as well.

KEYWORDS: Cloud, scientific workloads, business drivers, Cloud computing

1. INTRODUCTION
The Cloud has become a new vehicle for

delivering resources such as computing and storage to
customers on demand. Rather than being a new
technology in itself, the cloud is a new business model
wrapped around new technologies such as server
virtualization that take advantage of economies of scale
and multi-tenancy to reduce the cost of using
information technology resources. This paper discusses
the business drivers in the Cloud delivery mechanism
and business model, what the requirements are in this
space, and how standard interfaces, coordinated
between different organizations can meet the emerging
needs for interoperability and portability of data
between clouds.

2. PRIMARY BENEFITS OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
To deliver a future state architecture that captures the
promise of Cloud Computing, architects need to
understand the primary benefits of Cloud computing:

 Decoupling and separation of the business
service from the infrastructure needed to run it
(virtualization)

 Flexibility to choose multiple vendors that
provide reliable and scalable business services,
development environments, and infrastructure

that can be leveraged out of the box and billed
on a metered basis—with no long term
contracts

 Elastic nature of the infrastructure to rapidly
allocate and de-allocate massively scalable
resources to business services on a demand
basis

 Cost allocation flexibility for customers
 Reduced costs due to operational efficiencies,

and more rapid deployment of new business
services

3. IT ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION
Architecture evolves over time. In the 1960s and

1970s, the first wave of computing consisted of large,
expensive, labor-intensive, monolithic servers that
could be considered the forefathers of the mainframe.
Internal resources were pooled and heavy use was made
of virtualization to ensure that the very best was made
of these very expensive resources.

In the 1980s and 1990s, with the rise of PCs, the
shrinking costs of networking and computing
infrastructure, and a need for more agility, client/server
provided the ability to split the application tier away
from the server tier. This was done to support
distributed clients running richer user interfaces and
also to reduce costs by offloading the user handling,

SJIF Impact Factor: 6.093 Volume: 4 | Issue: 2 | February | 2019 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)

EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)
Peer Reviewed Journal

https://www.omicsonline.org/peer-reviewed-journals.php

https://www.omicsonline.org/peer-reviewed-journals.php

__________|EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) |ISSN:2455-7838 (Online) |SJIF Impact Factor: 6.093|_______________

Volume: 4 | Issue: 2 | February| 2019 | www.eprajournals.com |218 |

application workloads off monolithic servers. These
larger servers remained to address massive batch
processing and scientific workloads.

In the 2000’s, as data centers started to fill out,
and power, space and cooling became more and more
expensive, concepts such as commodity grid computing
and virtualization started to become established. Cloud
computing takes these concepts further by allowing
self-service, metered usage and more automated
dynamic resource and workload management practices.
As services became more and more distributed, SOA
emerged as a methodology to integrate and orchestrate
distributed business services. This need exists today, as
customers require integration between public, private,
and in-house services. In some ways, the cloud has
become the distributed virtualized mainframe of an era
past! It’s funny how the same concepts change their
clothes but remain constant throughout the evolution of
computing. In many cases, today’s Cloud was based on
foundational concepts that addressed an early need to
best leverage computing resources almost 40 years ago.
A large monolithic server was easy to secure relative to
a virtualized resource on the Cloud. Security is still the
number one concern of many customers who want to
leverage public Cloud services today.

4. ARCHITECTURAL STRATEGIES FOR
CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Building Blocks

The building blocks of cloud computing are

rooted in hardware and software architectures that
enable innovative infrastructure scaling and
virtualization. Many data centers deploy these
capabilities today. However, the next infrastructure
innovations are around more dynamic provisioning and
management in larger clusters both within and external
to the conventional corporate data center. There are also
implications for next generation application design to
make optimum use of massively parallel processing and
fault tolerance. The diagram below illustrates some
common architectural components:

4.1 Virtualized Infrastructure:-
Virtualized Infrastructure provides the

abstraction necessary to ensure that an application or
business service is not directly tied to the underlying
hardware infrastructure such as servers, storage, or
networks. This allows business services to move
dynamically across virtualized infrastructure resources
in a very efficient manner, based upon predefined
policies that ensure specific service level objectives are
met for these business services.

4.2 Virtualized Applications:-
Virtualized applications decouple the application

from the underlying hardware, operating system,
storage, and network to enable flexibility in
deployment. Virtualized Application servers that can
take advantage of grid execution coupled with Service
Oriented Architectures and enable the greatest degree
of scalability to meet the business requirements.

4.3 Enterprise Management:-
Enterprise management provides top-down, end-

to-end management of the virtualized infrastructure and
applications for business solutions. The enterprise
management layer handles the full lifecycle of
virtualized resources and provides additional common
infrastructure elements for service level management,
metered usage, policy management, license
management, and disaster recovery. Mature cloud
service management software allows dynamic
provisioning and resource allocation to allow
applications to scale on demand and minimize the waste
associated with underutilized and static computing
resources.

4.4 Security and Identity Management:-
Clouds must leverage a unified identity and

security infrastructure to enable flexible provisioning,
yet enforce security policies throughout the cloud. As
clouds provision resources outside the enterprise’s legal
boundaries, it becomes essential to implement an
Information Asset Management system to provide the
necessary controls to ensure sensitive information is
protected and meets compliance requirements.

4.5 Development tools:-
Next generation development tools can leverage

cloud’s distributed computing capabilities. These tools
not only facilitate service orchestration that can
leverage dynamic provisioning, but also enable
business processes to be developed that can harness the
parallel processing capabilities available to clouds. The
development tools must support dynamic provisioning
and not rely on hard coded dependencies such as
servers and network resources.

5. PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
 Cloud infrastructures have the potential to

introduce unpredictable performance behaviors.
While sharing a large infrastructure can average
out the variability of individual workloads, it is
difficult to predict the exact performance
characteristics of your application at any particular

__________|EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) |ISSN:2455-7838 (Online) |SJIF Impact Factor: 6.093|_______________

Volume: 4 | Issue: 2 | February| 2019 | www.eprajournals.com |219 |

time. Like any shared infrastructure, varying
individual workloads can impact available CPU,
Network and Disk I/O resources resulting in
unpredictable performance behavior of the
combined applications.

 Public cloud infrastructures by the nature that they
are outside the enterprise data center must leverage
wide area network which can introduce bandwidth
and latency issues. Multi-peered networks,
encryption offloading, and compression are
necessary design considerations.

 In addition, many Public Cloud providers have
multiple storage offerings with varying
performance characteristics. Typically, write
performance is typically impacted to a much larger
degree than read performance, especially with non-
block oriented storage.

 Variability in network resources can significantly
impact write operations with clustered application
servers. Applications should categorize information
that has lower availability requirements to identify
candidates for asynchronous writes or replication.

 To overcome many of these challenges, Cloud can
leverage proactive scaling of resources to increase
capacity in anticipation of loads. For example, if
you have implemented a web site that has heavy
loads from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm, you can
dynamically increase capacity for that period of
time. To take advantage of this, your application
must be architected to leverage distributed
application design.

6. SUMMARY
For IT departments in larger enterprises,

developing a private cloud often makes the most
financial and business sense. When developing the
architectural vision, an enterprise architect should bear
in mind the characteristics of cloud computing as well
as consider some of the organizational and cultural
issues that might become obstacles to the adoption of
the future state architecture. When moving ahead,
decisions must be made on whether the future-state
technical architecture should emphasize compatibility
with the current standard or start from scratch to
minimize cost. Future state systems architecture designs
involve trade-offs between lower cost/operational
efficiency and greater flexibility. Using an Enterprise
Architecture framework can help enterprise architects
navigate the trade-offs and design a system that
accomplishes the business goal.

7. CONCLUSION
Cloud computing offers real alternatives to IT

departments for improved flexibility and lower cost.
Markets are developing for the delivery of software
applications, platforms, and infrastructure as a service
to IT departments over the “cloud”. These services are
readily accessible on a pay-per-use basis and offer great
alternatives to businesses that need the flexibility to rent
infrastructure on a temporary basis or to reduce capital

costs. Architects in larger enterprises find that it may
still be more cost effective to provide the desired
services in-house in the form of “private clouds” to
minimize cost and maximize compatibility with internal
standards and regulations. If so, there are several
options for future-state systems and technical
architectures that architects should consider to find the
right trade-off between cost and flexibility. Using an
architectural framework will help architects evaluate
these trade-offs within the context of the business
architecture and design a system that accomplishes the
business goal. In any case, Oracle’s complete, open,
and integrated product set offers a compelling value
proposition at each level of the design and our certified
Oracle Enterprise Architects can help customers
discover a cloud roadmap that works for them.

REFERENCES
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Research, 2(1):4-5, Nov. 2005.

2. S. London. INSIDE TRACK: The high-tech rebels.
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3. A. Weiss. Computing in the Clouds.
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4. Twenty Experts Define Cloud Computing,
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5. R. ya, D. Abramson, and S. Venugopal. The Grid
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http://www.financialpost.com /money
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7. WIKIPEDIA, “Cloud Computing”,
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http://cloudcomputing.syscon/